Issues Concerning African Americans and Puerto Ricans Essay

There are four major ethnic, cultural and racial groups present in the United States today. These groups which compose the nation’s population are the African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic and Native Americans or the Non-Hispanic Whites. From the dawn of time, issues of racial profiling have haunted the American Society, although United States of America is said to be the birthplace of patriotism unity and believed to be a nation that will adhere to intense dedication to freedom, justice and equality (Feagin, 1978). The vast diversity of the American population which characterizes the nation’s inhabitants has often resulted to disorder and chaos, as discrimination exists across the nation. Although the government has taken some actions and laws have been made and are implemented, they are not enough to counteract the racism problem at hand which is deeply rooted in the American tradition, as a longer time may deemed necessary before the public become accustomed to a racial free society. If the authorities are keen on abolishing and eliminate racial discrimination, it then important that they see to it that the public would have a better understanding and background of the different ethnic and minority groups. Awareness to their values, customs and traditions are small little steps that may eventually lead to these groups coexistence. For this reason, the paper discusses two of the major groups that play important roles in shaping the United States social structure, the African Americans and the Puerto Ricans. The emergence of Africans Americans or the black Americans population, which are United States residents but with blood lineage from the black racial group of Africa, in the United States can be traced back way before 1800’s as majority of black Americans have their descendants in the United States. While White Americans came to the United States voluntarily, their Black counterparts were not given a choice as majority of the black population came in America as slaves (Feagin, 1978). It is noting to know that among the different ethnics group that come and settled in the United States, African Americans are the only group which have come not in accordance with their own free will. They were used as servants in large agricultural fields. It was believed that the first African American that had entered the borders of the United States settled in Jamestown. Their slavery and the hard labors they performed served as their free passage to the United States as they are compared to English poor people. However during the great American Civil War, by virtue of the proclamation signed by President Abraham Lincoln, the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans became free. But then the post war era, the restoration period, calls for the segregation of blacks from the whites and deteriorates what was supposed to be period of new beginning for the blacks.. In order to free themselves of troubles and violence brought by discrimination, most Black Americans followed the law which dictates racial segregation. However, as violence related to racial discrimination became widespread, calls for abolishing the racial profiling laws also intensify as growing African American heritage and intellect became more evident. The era of civil rights movement which aimed to promote camaraderie and embed equality by eliminating racial discrimination help largely to the Black Americans cause of seeking dignity for their culture and race. Thus, when the Black Power Propaganda was formed a more complex ideology was born as African American seeks for moral dignity, fairness, justice and freedom from white oppression. Today, free from slavery and contributing vastly to economics and politics and enjoying a legal status, Black Americans have enjoyed a great deal of success as they experienced and enjoyed greater rights, far from what were their ancestors have before. However, complete satisfaction and recognition of their rights will have to wait for another few years as white people and custom is still the dominant culture in the United States. The radical change, however, which started from the nineteenth century are strong indications and evidence of the emerging power the African Americans are obtaining. African Americans now have greater access top higher educations and growth in employment as blue and white collar workers are also evident. Disparity between the poverty of black and people have also reduced and many black Americans now have there owned home. However, the sad part is although continuous improvements are achieved each day, black Americans are still at disadvantage with the white people. It can be observed in issues regarding health insurances and benefits and institutional racism, which is very much present especially in middle school’s class. In fact, a report in Rutherford country showed that massive complaints of racial discriminations are filed as parents are alarmed with the growing numbers of black students that are suspended. Compare to their white counterparts, black students continue to be suspended at much higher rates, raising the question of racial discrimination in imposing discipline among the students. In 2006 for instance, 14. 4 % of black students were suspended in the district, which causes a handful of students to lag behind their studies (Scott, 2007). On the other hand rate of suspension for white students stand at 6. 6% (Scott, 2007). Figures and numbers indicate that the rates at which black students are suspended are more than double of the rate at which whites are. This then has poses an alarmed to the black population as their children are put into a disadvantage situation. Just like the African Americans, Puerto Ricans suffer a great deal of oppression and poverty as they occupy the bottom most part of the United States’ social hierarchy for years (Feagin, 1978). They are considered as one of the world’s poorest groups, however, Puerto Rico posses a great link to the Caribbean world and the developing counties across the globe, which the United States social failed to utilize for their own advantage as it failed to realize its importance to the nation. The emergence of the Puerto Rican Ethnic group dates back to the time when the island which was then named as Borinquen, was a colony under the rule of Spain. For 400 years, Spain uses it as a strategic base. The island was a home for different tribes of Taino, however as the Spanish settle with in the island, population of the Indian tribes gradually diminished as generations passed by. Disappearance was due to the fact that Spain used them for forced labor in mines -which causes natives to acquire disease, massive exterminations and racial intermingling and merging. During that time, where in slavery was widespread, large number of African Americans was brought to Puerto to replace the natives as workers. Thus, the present genetic component of a modern Puerto Rican is a mix of Spanish, native Indians and African American. In 1898, as Spain succumb to American power during the Spanish-American War it surrendered Puerto Rico to the United States. Americans deemed Puerto Ricans as ignorant and as result, self governing was denied to them and Puerto Rico become entirely dependent to the US government. Puerto Ricans were left confused politically and culturally as they desperately ask matters about the issue of their citizenship. US Congress however, denied them of acquiring US citizenship relating that Puerto Ricans and Americans should not be treated as equal and they are inferior compare to them. But a year before the US plunged into the World War I, it granted Puerto Ricans US citizenship. With the booming population and stagnant economics, Puerto Rico became one of the poorest countries around the globe in the 1940’s. In an effort to escape the harsh reality of life in the island, many of the population migrated to the United States, bringing with them the hope and the promise of an American Dream. However, the situation would not be different, as immigrants would fail to land jobs and are exploited. Furthermore, housings were prioritized for Native Americans. Language handicapped was also a barrier, which leads to them being discriminated. Puerto Ricans are also identified with Catholicism and Christianity which is teaching based from Spanish colonial times, and since the structure of the American church is Protestant, conflicts often arise. Businessmen of Puerto Rico descends, would often complain of the difficulty in getting loans. With automation starting to engulf the business and industrial sections, Puerto Ricans further sink to the bottom of the social pyramid as they become more isolated, like the black people. There were no opportunities that were presented for them as they lack the skills to land jobs. But then came the era of being unrest, the emergence of Civil Rights Movement and Anti-Poverty Groups in the 1960’s helped Puerto Ricans stimulate and assimilate into the American society, culture and politics (Nash, 2000). The movement and program covers every Puerto Rican and led to astounding solutions to the problems that result from ethnics and cultural differences and inconsistencies which are related to the failure to be in accordance with the dominant American Culture. The emergence of theses groups had opened the eyes of the Puerto Rican public to seek for fair and just treatment and uphold their dignity. Although they have been successful in appealing for changes, after decades of struggling for political representation, culture and customs respect and their placed into the American Society, Puerto Ricans are today just slowly beginning to achieve and realize the progress and results. Whether it is questions about citizenship status, welfare and housing programs, bilingual and multi-cultural education or electoral power, Puerto Ricans had stood the test of time and has proven it is capable of complex assimilation to the dominant American society. However for Puerto Ricans and other ethnic minorities and racial group in America, being subordinate to the dominant American culture is a continued struggle as still they are treated unjustly. References Feagin. J. (1978) Racial and Ethnic Relations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall. p. 212, p. 298 Scott, B. (2007). Daily Race Colors Suspensions. News Journal Murfreesboro. Nash, K. (2000). Contemporary Political Sociology: Globalization, Politics, and Power. Blackwell Publishers.

Adhesion molecules in T-cell receptor

Adhesion molecules or receptor play key role in many processes involving cellular immunity that included haematopoiesis, migration, activation and finally apoptosis. They are mainly surface glycoproteins and variation among them is mainly due to different pattern of glycosylation. Adhesion molecules play a central role in T cell activation by providing initial temporary attachment of TCR and Antigen bearing MHC on APC. It was clearly demonstrated by various studies where complete inhibition of cellular immunity was observed in response to Monoclonal antibody against many of these adhesion molecules.Cytotoxic CD8 T cells mediated immunity play a key role in viral infection control. It exerts it effect by close cellular interaction with viral infected target cells. Adhesion molecules play a crucial role in driving the effector T cell towards viral infected target cell as well as to establish interaction between TCR and APC. This article briefs the function and properties of some vital adhesion molecules such as LFA-1, ICAM and VLA-4. Further, research carried out to assess the role of adhesion molecules in T-cell receptor is also summarized.Thymus derived (T) lymphocytes are important regulatory and effectors cells in immune responses. The specificity of cellular immunity is mediated by T cell receptor-CD3 complex interacting with foreign antigen represented by MHC molecule (BARBARA E. , 1988). Activation of T cells leads to functioning of T Cells where it produces various cytokines and cell lyses. In general, CD4+ T cells act as helper cells by producing different effectors molecules after interacting with antigen bearing APC cells, whereas CD8+ cell directly exert it’s effect by killing the antigen bearing APC cells.Activation and generation of effectors T cells are mediated by TcR-CD3 complex but there are several other surface molecules that play a significant role in immune response and T cell adhesion to APC. Similarly, they have significant role in cell migration, homing and recirculation. Some recent reports indicate the role of these molecules in T cell activation and differentiation. Among many are LFA-1, CD2, CD4, and CD8. Each of these molecules interact with it ligands for example LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 while LFA-3 bind to CD2 etc. (BARBARA E. , 1988) LFA-1:The LFA-1 molecule is member of a family of three related proteins found on lymphoid and myeloid cells having common Beta subunits of MW 95000. They are non covalently associated with a unique alpha subunit. Two other members of LFA-1 families are CR3 and p150. LFA-1 molecules are widely distributed on all thymocytes, T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Identification of LFA-1 was done when monoclonal antibodies against it was used to inhibit cytotoxic T cell mediated killing and later on it was found to be key molecules which helps in TCR-APC interaction as adhesion molecules.Similar observation are made where anti LFA- 1 monoclonal antibody inhibits spontaneo us aggregation or homotypic adhesions between EB virus mediated activated T cells. This clearly indicates the role of LFA-1 in strengthening the intersection. Any abnormality in expression of these groups of adhesion molecules leads to recurrent bacterial and viral infection and abolished Cytotoxic T cell mediated immunity. (BARBARA E. , 1988) ICAM (Intra cellular Adhesion Molecules): Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54) is a transmembrane glycoprotein molecule of the immunoglobulin super family.Each of the molecules is made up of 5 distinct domains and coded by gene present on chromosome 19. It is 80-114 KDa protein having 505 amino acid residues. ICAM associated with receptor of integrin family and having key role in cell signaling and adhesion. A CD8 T cell utilizes temporary interaction between ICAM-1 and LFA-1 to initiate binding of TcR and antigen MHC. This temporary interaction or binding provides sufficient time to T cell to recognize Antigen and respond against it by activation. (BARBARA E. , 1988)The T-cell lymphocyte migration is influenced by the interactions via the adhesion molecules, the T cell receptor and cytokines. (Hauzenberger D, 1995). The motility of the T cell lymphocytes is very much and critically dependent upon the avidity of the adhesive lymphocyte receptors for endothelial cells ligand and extracellular matrix componenets and the capability of the lymohocytes to undergo a motile response. Hauzenberger D et al. , 1995 discussed that the lymphocytes are rendered motile by adhesion to endothelial cells and ECM components.This migration, which is considered directed is mediated by beta-1-integrins and special T-cell lymphocytes that possess functional specialization using either alpha 4 beta 1 or alpha 5 beta 1 during chemotaxis and hapotaxis to ECM components. It is also reported that the T cell antigen receptor cannot itself trigger T lymphocyte migration to fibronectin, laminin or collagen type IV but works in hand with s ignals via alpha 4 beta 1. (Hauzenberger D, 1995) Adhesion molecules and Systemic viral Infection: Research Studies Virus induced changes in the adhesion molecules expression on T-cells were studied by Andersson et al., 1997. They studied how the antiviral effector cells migrate into the infectious foci. It was revealed by the FACS (Fluorescent associated Cell sorting) that when systemic lymphocytic choriomeningitis viral infection occurs in cells, various cell adhesion molecules including VLA-4, LFA-1, and ICAM-1 are up regulated on CD8+ cells. The lymph node homing receptor MEL-4 was down regulated during infection, but they observed only marginal changes in CD4+ cells. Further analyses showed that T cells with a changed adhesion molecule profile presented many other cell surface markers, thus indicating a state of cellular activation.The activation was of IL-2R, and included all virus-specific CTL effectors. The researchers concluded that the hypothesis that indicates that the up regulation of VLA-4 is important for effectors T cell homing to sites of inflammation. (Andersson EC, 1994). In Concanavalin induced Hepatitis, the TNF-? induced expression if Adhesion molecules are under the control of TNFR1. This study was performed by Worl et al. , in 2001. Hepatocellular death by activation of TNFR1 is mediated, apart from this TNF also in responsible for activation of cytokines and adhesion molecules.Also leads to massive induction of adhesion molecules, like ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selecting in the liver. The study also revealed, that the absence of any of the TNFrs did not change the adhesion molecules expression in the livers of ConA treated mice which leads to the conclusion that the other endothelial cell-activating cytokines up-regulated adhesion molecules expression. This study discusses the critical role of adhesion molecules, such that the upregulaton of adhesion molecules during hepatitis not only contributes to organ injury but also represent defense m echanism. (Dominik Wolf, 2001) Rhinoviruses cause common colds.This form of common cold has over 100 serotypes, the major group share a single receptor. Lymphocyte function associated molecule 1 (LFA-1) mediates leukocyte adhesion to a wide variety of cell types by binding to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Donald E. Staunton et al. , 1989 demonstrated identity between the receptor for the major group of rhinoviruses and ICAM-1. The studies revealed that a major group rhinovirus binds specifically to purified ICAM-1 and to ICAM-1 expressed on transfected COS cells and binding is blocked by three ICAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (MAb) that block ICAM-1-LFA-1 interaction.These studies also suggested that the ICAM-1 contact site(s) for LFA-1 and rhinoviruses is identical. Moreover, ICAM-1 MAb block the cytopathic effect in HeLa cells mediated by representative major but not minor group rhinoviruses. The researcher’s concluded that intercellular adhesion molecule 1 is ind uced by soluble mediators of inflammation, suggesting that the host immune response to rhinovirus may facilitate spread to uninfected cells. (Donald E. Stauntonb, p. 1989) Apart from ICAM1 and LFA-1, other categories of adhesion molecules functioning in T cell receptors include E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.These adhesion molecules mediate adult T-cell leukemia cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Ishakawa et al. , 1980 studies the adhesion properties of peripheral bold leukemic cells form 10 patients with adult T-cell leukemia to endothelial cells to derive the mechanism of leukemic cell infiltration. ATL cells did express LFA-1 but the expression of VLA-4 was variable. These results, together with the detection of E-selectin expression on the endothelium at ATL skin lesions, indicated that the E-selectin-mediated adhesion is the major pathway for the adherence of ATL cells to endothelial cells.Moreover, the ligand for E-selectin on ATL cells appears to differ fro m that on neutrophils. (T Ishikawa, 1993) Bibliography Andersson EC, C. J. (1994). Changes in cell adhesion molecule expression on T cells associated with systemic virus infection. Journal of Immunology , 1237-45. BARBARA E. , B. I. (1988). T cell adhesion molecules. FASEB , 2584-2590. Dominik Wolf, R. H. (2001). TNF–Induced Expression of Adhesion Molecules in the Liver Is Under the Control of TNFR1 Relevance for Concanavalin A-Induced Hepatitis.The Journal of Immunology , 1300-1307. Donald E. Stauntonb, a. V. (198). A cell adhesion molecule, ICAM-1, is the major surface receptor for rhinoviruses. Cell , 849-853. Hauzenberger D, K. J. (1995). T lymphocyte migration: the influence of interactions via adhesion molecules, the T cell receptor, and cytokines. Crit Rev Immunol. , 285-316. T Ishikawa, A. I. (1993). E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mediate adult T-cell leukemia cell adhesion to endothelial cells. Blood , 1590-1598.

Improving A Healthy Educational Policy - 1439 Words

Studies set out in the last decade advise that there is an increasing priority for countries to promote a healthy educational policy to spike development. According to Hanushek and Wà ¶ÃƒÅ¸mann, â€Å"educational quality – particularly related to developing countries – is THE critical issue† for progress. Cognitive abilities obtained during primary and secondary schooling historically bring about more economic returns. So, there are two main ways in which education can be improved: 1)through increasing quantity and quality. 2)By increasing the amount of schooling, students have more time to develop necessary skills in disciplines such as reading, mathematics, and science. Hence, bolstering the quantity of education should foster human capital, hopefully bolstering productivity in the long-term. Additionally, a more educated workforce has a higher capacity for innovation, helping bring about structural changes to the economy. According to Hanushek and Wà ¶ÃƒÅ¸m ann (2007, p. 24), â€Å"several recent studies suggest that education is an important both as an investment in human capital and in facilitating research and development and the diffusion of technologies.† Hence, increasing the quantity of education helps students gain more familiarity with technology, which encourages future innovation and productivity. However, due to limited research on the subject, Hanushek and Wà ¶ÃƒÅ¸mann (2007) are skeptical to make any definitive links between development and the quantity of schooling. Interestingly,Show MoreRelatedSchool Climate And Relationships By Marc Funderburk1046 Words   |  5 Pages2015 Researchers and educators have identified school climate as an important factor in improving student achievement. Schools that foster high-quality relationships among students and teachers feel safe and secure. 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literacy narrative Essay - 943 Words

Demetrias Henderson Eng.111 March 28, 2015 The Early and latter stages of Literacy Development Learning to read and write as a child is an experience that all can relate to. The average child learns to read and write at the early ages of three and four. Developing literacy at an early age is crucial to academic development as well as to performance in life. Early development can be just what a child needs to stimulate their minds, which in turn is assisting in the evolution of their future. The early and latter stages of development in a child’s literacy journey are the makings for their reading and writing skills. It also plays part in their analysis of obstacles as well as their developed or problematic literacy future. A child†¦show more content†¦I soon began to excel in writing the alphabet as well as short words. My mom went on to teach me how to write my name, and I soon moved on to learn numbers. I enjoyed writing and began to choose that over playing outside. The following year, I started school and I enjoyed learning more than anything. I succee ded early in my classes due to my eagerness to learn. My experience with the letter E was but a mere speed bump in the future of my literacy and it did nothing to stop me. Secondly, One of the people most interested in my literacy performance other than my mom was my fifth grade teacher Mr. Greg Monroe. Most students didn’t appreciate his teaching style but I did. Up until this point in my literacy development, I had excelled easily. It wasn’t until I met my teacher that year that I realized everything wasn’t going to be so easy. For the first time I had to actually study rather than to just know the information like normal. Mr. Monroe taught me that I needed to push myself to be better than good, even if it feels like I can’t. Teaching students to go beyond the norm was Monroe’s approach, and I feel as if his approach was extremely helpful as well as encouraging. 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It is hard to have an argument or sometimes even a conversation with a person using ONLY literature. Sentences can have the same words, but handed

Using National Honor Society Essay Samples

Using National Honor Society Essay Samples Ideas, Formulas and Shortcuts for National Honor Society Essay Samples Writing is a talent, and that means you might be an outstanding student yet require a tiny aid in placing your deeds into accurate wording. Get some experience outside before you begin your essay. A specialist writer who's seasoned in writing NHS essays can aid with an outline, give advice, point you in the correct direction, or even compose the whole essay beneath your guidelines. Essay topic choice is not so simple as you believe. The Foolproof National Honor Society Essay Samples Strategy The primary purpose of your National Honor Society essay is to reveal you from the ideal side and help you show that you're eligible to be a member of this authoritative organization. You might be asked to compose an NHS essay before joining to demonstrate that you're eligible to join a prestigious organization. If you still can't know how to compose a national honor society essay, start looking for internet support. Your National Honor Society essay is a powerful tool which will allow you to grow to be a member of an extremely prestigious organization in america. To begin with, you ought to know the main advantages of being a true member of the NHS society. The candidate must demonstrate he or she's not merely a superb student, but in addition a useful and useful member of society. Being a member is a good deal of responsibility. You must now be concerned about where to find the guidelines and the steps of being a member of this prestigious society. Being a real leader is among the many qualities that you need to need to be in NJHS. Being he gives me the opportunity to work in a team and consider my peers' ideas to make our plans creative and enjoyable for everyone. Being a great leader means being an excellent servant. Your paper ought to be unique. A good example of a paper is the thing it's possible to see in our article. Give a review of the points you will be making in the letter. The letter should be brief and shouldn't be detailed. An extremely good informative letter follows a few standard guidelines. Also, you may be asked to compose an NHS essay before joining. To begin with, it determines whether the reader will keep on reading the remainder of the paper. A great topic is an essential portion of writing a prosperous national junior honor society essay. The Upside to National Honor Society Essay Samples For that reason, it's recommended that you take advantage of these resources to guarantee you create the most creative article that will raise your odds of admission. Consequently, anyone trying to submit an application to have a project should develop an accounting Resume Sample, even if you have the references in place. If you are offered the membership opportunity, here are the explanations for why you ought not decline. The students who've been selected as NHS members have access to several benefits that the organization offers. Vital Pieces of National Honor Society Essay Samples You ought to think about each and every component of your CV the design and the information which is authentic once you re considering how to compose a CV that wins one of the interviews you desire you must include. These varieties of essays attempt to demonstrate ways to present a specific candidate and also demonstrate that the person has been qualified to join the organization. Composing your own CV after graduating might be tricky, especially in case you're searching for your very first standing. If you're searching for a professional position, you ought to choose a program that focuses on producing professional resumes. Leadership is among the most significant traits to have not just in school but outside too. You might take note that national junior honor society essays are quite tough to learn at first. My basic long-term academic aim is to enter a prestigious college with superior learning conditions and I also wish to be a political scientist later on. Only the best students bec ome accepted. Tell the way you can influence the current world around. The structure of organization is extremely spread, it is made up of many chapters in high schools around the nation. The society does engage in a wide variety of community service activities. It can likewise be compared to building a vehicle. The Most Popular National Honor Society Essay Samples Likewise, it may be an equivalent excellence standard. Always make sure that you don't introduce new points in the conclusion as you might get rid of some marks. Character is the thing that makes people believe in you and in addition, it can help you succeed in your private life. Therefore it helps to cover the society's membership criterion.

Business Combinations Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Business Combinations Strategy. Answer: Introduction: Business combinations refer to the strategy by which business intend to expand in its size and operations and as a results, acquires dominance over the working of another business firm. When one business unit merges or acquires another business unit, it is referred to as a business combination. It requires identifying the acquirer and then finalization of the appropriate acquisition date and ends with the recognition and valuation of the assets or liabilities taken over. The entire process of business combination must be in accordance with the applicable Australian Accounting standards. Description- Business Combinations: Business combination is the mechanism which an organization uses to expand its asset and capital base and effect a significant increase in its business operations and capture a larger market stake. It is a re-organization of the entity and its assets structure. Such re-organization can either be internal or external in nature. Some of the widely used forms include amalgamation, holding subsidiary relationships or demerger. Business combination can be mindfully ensure the entitys growth and increased business operations and hence, facilitates higher revenues and profits, in the long run. Such increased profits are directly proportional to greater dividends to shareholders and better shareholder satisfaction. According to AASB 10, business combination refers to a transaction or other event in which an acquirer obtains control of one or more businesses. Assets transferred other than by way of transfer of the entire business shall not be termed as business combination. Rather, such a transaction would be called a separate transaction, which does not arise as a result of the transfer of business. A business basically is a value added process, under which all the inputs are combined and then processes are being carried out, which convert those inputs into the final outputs, thereby facilitating them for feasible selling and distribution. Generally, businesses dealing in the same product lines or having simil ar product distribution channels engage themselves into business combination, so as to eliminate competition and extend its business operations. Due to the increased volume post- combination, the entities also benefit themselves from economies of scale. After the business is acquired by another entity, the acquirer shall, form the date of such acquisition be required to prepare the consolidated financial statements, along with its standalone financial statements. The acquirer company is not liable to prepare consolidated financial statements for the period prior to the amalgamation/ reconstruction. Business combinations are also referred to as the schemes of mergers and acquisitions, in which one company merges with the other, either in the form of amalgamation; or one company acquires the other, which is known as having a holding- subsidiary relationship or having an associate member. The acquisition of the assets can either be an asset combination or a business combination, on a whole, i.e. if the assets form part of a business, then it would be called as business combination (Financial Accounting Standards Board of the financial accounting foundation, 2007). In other words, business combination means bringing together of two or more distinct entities or organizations and merge them into one single entity. AASB 3 does not apply to business organizations which engage themselves in combinations in the formation of joint venture. Discussion- importance of identifying the acquirer: Recognizing a business combination begins with the identification of the acquirer followed by determination of the acquisition date and measurement of the assets and liabilities to be taken over. Business combination involves two or more entities, in which one entity acquires the business of the other entity/ entities. Acquisition of the business involves acquisition of all the assets and liabilities of the firm. In such a case, the entity which acquires the business and gains control over other entities shall be referred to as the acquirer company. Acquired company shall be the one which transfer its assets and liabilities to the other company, in exchange of a pre- determined consideration. Guidance note to AASB 127 Consolidated and separate financial statements govern the preparation and method of maintaining books and accounts of the combined entity. It prescribes that both the standalone and combined revenue statements should be prepared. It is important to beforehand identify the acquirer entity because the consideration which the acquirer company has to pay to the acquire must be certain and pre determined. Also, consolidated financial statements need to be prepared by the acquirer company post acquisition date. Since the domination lies with that company, it shall control all other entities amalgamated with it. And the old/ existing company must timely determine whether the acquiring company is capable of governing all the operating and financial policies of the business which it acquires. Also, identification of the acquirer is important so as to determine the size of the entities being transferred, the relative voting rights of the acquiring company in the new combined company. An analysis of the governing body of the acquirer must be made so as to determine the composition of the senior management and persons holding key managerial positions in the company. Also, it is important for the entities to discuss and s tate in written the terms and conditions of such exchange and transfer of assets, and for this, identification of the acquirer is a must. The acquirer entity shall be deemed responsible for adhering to all the governmental, operational and legal regulations and hence, it is the topmost priority of the entity to gain information and knowledge about the acquire entity. Before effecting a business combination, the entity should very well judge the capability and potential of the acquirer, so that the business reputation earned over the years, does not get negatively affected. Acquirer can be identifying by analyzing the direction in which the consideration is transferred. For example, A company, ABC Ltd. Transfers its assets and liabilities to XYZ Ltd.in return of a consideration, which is paid by XYZ Ltd., then the entity which pays consideration in the form of cash or shares is the acquirer. But, if the equity shares held by ABC Ltd. are transferred to XYZ Ltd and ABC Ltd receives some sort of consideration from XYZ Ltd for those shares, even then, the acquires shall be the final acquirer party, in this case, the acquirer shall be the equity shares issuing company and not XYZ Ltd. consideration is always paid for something in return. In case of a business combination, the consideration is paid in exchange of the assets transferred to the acquirer. Hence, the direction of the flow of consideration from one entity to another determines who the acquirer is. In other words, an acquirer can be identified as the entity whose management holds dominance over the other entities after a business combination takes place. In a business combination, one entity obtains control over the other. This implies that when an entity acquires control over another entity for the first time, it shall be referred to as business combination. However, if the acquirer company acquires more shares of the company post business combination, it shall only mean an increase in the percentage of control over the other company and not a separate business combination. The acquirer of the business combination is identified using the guidelines given in paragraphs B 14-B18 o AASB-3 and the guidance note of IFRS 10Consolidated financial statements. In other words, determination of the acquirer requires judgment. The acquirer is normally the firm hat disburses cash in exchange of the assets acquired from another firm. As compared to the firm size, acquirer is normally the company which has a relatively greater size of assets and greater net worth than the other firm. Comments- recognition of assets and liabilities: Recognition of assets acquired and the assumed liabilities take place only if both the assets and liabilities satisfy the criteria given in the definitions of assets and liabilities, as given by the International Accounting Standard Board. AASB 3 also specifies that only those assets and liabilities shall be recognized which have been acquired or assumed as a result of any business combination. Any assets or liabilities acquired otherwise, i.e. by any separate transactions, shall not be recognized by the acquirer company. In such a case of business combination, the accounting standards and procedures followed by the acquirer and the acquired company may differ. And hence, the recognition of such assets and liabilities shall also differ between two different entities. The acquirers application of the recognition principle and that of the other firm may differentiate and it is quite reasonable that the acquirer company, post-combination acquires and recognizes certain assets acquired o r liabilities assumed, that have not been duly recognized by the acquired company. Some of the examples supporting the statement are listed below: The acquirer entity in the business combination may recognize the identifiable brand name of the acquired company an asset, whereas, the acquired company does not recognize such brand name as an asset pre business combination (Castedello and Klingbeil, 2009). This difference in the recognition of brand name arises only because of a difference in the revenue recognition principles and the International financial reporting system followed by the entities. Hence, the manner and the accounting policies followed by both the entities in recording and recognizing brand name as an asset may vary. Similarly, the acquirer entity may recognize certain identifiable intangible assets like patents, customer relationships, etc. as an asset in its financial statements, but the pre combination acquired company doesnt record the same as the entity considered that these were internally generated and does not qualify to be an asset as per the Australian accounting standards. The pre acquired company may consider it as an item of revenue and expenditure and deal accordingly. These intangible assets like patents and customer relationships include the customer detailed book, the contact and sales details and these are also sometimes referred to as defensive and identifiable intangible assets. In a business company, one entity may obtain certain defensive intangible assets from the other entity which it does not intend to use in its business operations, but, hold them to gain a competitive advantage. Also, the recognition principle of certain contingent items may vary from entity to entity. The acquirer may record all the past generated future contingent liabilities, which the acquired company does not recognize prior to the combination. A difference in the recognition concepts does not judge the business combination to be legally valid or invalid. It varies from entity to entity. Also, the value at which the assets are recognized by the acquirer and the acquired company may vary, as the acquirer records all its assets acquired and liabilities assumed, other than goodwill, at the fair values as existing on the date the business acquisition or combination takes place. There may also be differences in the method of depreciation being charged on the fixed assets, the recording of deferred tax expenses, items relating to prior period, etc. Furthermore, the entities may follow different basis of accounting, i.e. accrual basis or cash basis. This would again change the recognition of the assets and liabilities acquired during the business combination. Conclusion From the above attached report, we can conclude that whenever one business firm acquires the business of another firm, including all its assets and liabilities, then, it is referred to as a business combination. Business combination basically starts with identification of the acquirer, followed by the selection of the acquisition date, and ending with the recognition of the assets and liabilities acquired in the business combination. Each of these steps has a specific significance, on its own. Also, in business combinations, the value at which the assets and liabilities are recognized by the acquirer company has a great significance. The firm needs to follow the Australian Accounting Standards for the recognition and valuation of various assets and liabilities of the firm. References: Dagwel, R., Wines, G. and Lambert, C. (2012). Corporate accounting in Australia, China: Pearson Australia. Financial Accounting Standards Board of the financial accounting foundation (2007) Statement of financial accounting standards no. 141,Norwalk: Financial accounting foundation. Miller, B.W.Paul, Bahnson, R. Paul (2008) A new day for business combinations, Journal of accountancy, June. Willens, R. (2008) Does it matter which company is the acquirer?, Banking Capital markets. Dodyk, L., Dolson, M., Weinberger, R., Bennett, E. and Psciotta, C. (2014). Business combinations and non-controlling interests. Global edition, Pwc. Porter, B. (2004) Business combinations: insights for Australian entities, Deloitte discussion paper. Castedello, M. Klingbeil, C. (2009) Intangible assets and goodwill in the context of business combinations, Munich: KPMG. Intangible assets in business combination (2008), Grant Thonton. Roger Hussey(2010) Business Combinations and Consolidated Financial Statements, Fundamentals of International Financial Accounting and Reporting, pp. 225-252. Yujiro Okura(2009) A Study of Goodwill and Intangible Fixed Asset on Business Combination, MA for Value Creation in Japan: pp. 17-33. Board, A.S. (2002) IASB proposals on business combinations, impairment and intangible assets/ accounting standards board. Surrey: Accounting Standards Board. Beyersdorff, M. (2014) International GAAP 2014:Generally accepted accounting principles under international financial reporting standards. 9th edn. United States: K=John Wiley Sons. Subcommittee in education and practice of the committee on insurance accounting (2008) Business combinations under international financial reporting standards, International Actuarial Association.

Mass Media Newspaper free essay sample

Because of this, news reporters are horrible at violating the rights of celebrities and other influential people, just to get some dirt on their lives. Worst of all, said celebrities have very few rights to defend themselves with, and more than one photographer has sued the person he was stalking for damages when the celebrity tried to fight back and break their camera, or something along those lines. The media market is a bunch of obsessive stalkers that the law ignores. Yes H_Baird †¢Yes. I believe that privacy is a human right, and the media continuously violates that right. One example would be the paparazzi chasing down celebrities in some of the most private moments of their lives. Regardless of social status, as human beings, we deserve some form of privacy. The need for society to have knowledge about a total strangers personal business is not valid. People do not need to know everything about everyone. We will write a custom essay sample on Mass Media Newspaper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On a more relevant level, court hearings are a way for the media to involve the public in a situation that should remain private, as publicity can affect peoples opinions, and sometime the outcome of a case. This is not just. Yes R3gg43Wit †¢Yes, the media has become obsessed with invading celebritys privacy and going too far in general. The mass media seems to overstep its boundaries constantly nowadays. This trend is seen the most with how the paparazzi invades celebrities lives and cannot respect peoples space. Also the increase in reality TV has made everyone think they can be a part of the media, which blurs the lines of what the public thinks is public versus private. Yes VincenzoB The mass media oversteps its boundaries by consistently taking sides in political debates. I believe that the role of mass media is to provide fact-based news to the masses. Too often mass media presents opinion pieces in which they discuss what is right and wrong. Typically, these pieces are presented as opinion pieces, but their prevalence leads many to assume its the stance of the news organization. At the very least, it can influence the publics opinion too easily. Mass media should report the n ews without opinions and let the public make up their own mind. Yes IarsChrome †¢Yes, I agree that mass media sometimes go beyond its boundaries. There are many many instances these days. Mass Media carries some social responsibility, it should enable communication informing people responsibly with the factual knowledge without any kind of bias. These days, sometimes we can find many instances where in mass media had exceeded its boundaries providing information based on rumor or too much information or sometimes irrelevant information as well. Yes SaroM0vi3 The mass media absolutely oversteps its boundaries; they cause car crashes and instigate physical fights with celebrities. To see how the media oversteps its boundaries, you only need to look at the fatal car crash caused by paparazzi photographers when Princess Diana died, or the tasteless photos of Michael Jacksons corpse. Every single detail about someones personal life is parlayed into a two-page spread of photos who theyre sleeping with, who theyre cheating with, a nudity slip, eve n articles judging celebrities toddlers/children and their dress sense or weight! I am far too young for this, but there was a time period where actors didnt have a camera or a microphone in their face every minute of every day, and that mystery made them almost chameleon-like in their roles. At a premiere or awards show there are thousands of photographers clamoring to get a photo with large, oversized, frightening-looking cameras. That would be terrifying for small children, and it should be scaled back. Yes R053Neddy †¢Yes, I believe that the mass media goes way too far on many occasions. I have personally witnessed outright lies from the media just to make a better tory. Case in point- my best friend died December 25th, 2007. She fell off of a roof on Christmas morning. The media made her out to be an alcoholic and tried to use her story to scare young people not to drink. The truth was, there was no alcohol in her system. She was cold and had a blanket wrapped around her. She fell asleep looking at the stars and when she woke up, her feet got tangled in the sheets. The media outright lied to push their own personal agenda and tarnished her name forever. Yes I33Horray Voice Your Opinion No 50% of users The mass medias primary goal is to make profit, so there are no boundaries to overstep. The mass media includes newspapers, T. V. , and Internet, among any other mediums that could be found. There are no boundaries to overstep, as these media companies seek to make profit. If one doesnt wish to listen to mass media, then they simply wont. One has the choice to listen or watch what they want, and the media cannot control that. No TigerAmb †¢Mass media does not overstep its boundaries, because its up to others to enforce their own boundaries. Sometimes, mass media can seem overly intrusive into peoples lives. But, its up to individuals to take steps to safeguard their privacy. And, if media do cross lines, then we always have the rights to contact law enforcement and pursue court action against them. If the media never pushed a little, theyd never get to the bottom of anything. No FlakyHerb64 †¢I do not think the mass media oversteps their boundaries, for many reasons. I do not think the mass media oversteps their boundaries, for many reasons. First off, there is the freedom of speech factor. Mass media is usually run by citizens who want to portray their side of an issue or product. Second, people, in general, crave knowledge. This is where the mass media produces the knowledge and news coverage we need right away. No SecondNoel50 †¢I think the media has the right and obligation to report on a wide variety of things. Public figures who argue that the lame stream media oversteps its bounds are the same people whose actions most need to be publicised. For instance, Sarah Palin often accuses the media of being overly invasive, but the medias job is to expose potential leaders and other public figures for what and who they really are. No ClammyErwin38 †¢Mass media does not overstep their boundaries, because they are just filling a demand in the market that has become part of our culture. I dont believe that mass media oversteps their boundaries, because the demand is so high for constant coverage of everything. We have become so used to having 24-hour news channels and access to things once considered private, that mass media has become a demand and an expectation. If people begin to stop watching and buying into it, then the demand will go away. But, for now, we are so used to being able to get information about anything we want at any time of the day, and that is due to the efforts of the mass media. And, I actually see it getting bigger and bigger, as our thirst for information grows. No SilentIgnacio †¢No, I think the mass media oversteps the bounds of decency sometimes, but not any legal boundaries. While its easy to hate the way mass media covers events and non-events, celebs and otherwise, I still wouldnt advocate censorship. The best way to censor media is for the public to stop paying attention. I wouldnt want limits imposed on reporters beyond the Constitutional prohibition on libel. No Th4Fire †¢Mass Media does not overstep its boundaries, it falls under freedom of speech. As long as people are allowed to make decisions of whether to subject themselves to mass media or not, then mass media will never overstep its boundaries. Mass media targets those who it wishes to reach in most cases, and those groups are generally the same people who wish to be reached. Regardless, if the viewer has a choice to listen or not, then freedom of speech is in effect. No T3ddDemon The American mass media does not overstep its boundaries. America is a democracy. Democracies require a well-informed populace. The people are the masters of the machine, in a true democracy. The founders understood this. Therefore, they gave our press (i. e. mass media) privileges. They have the responsibility (i. e. a duty) to live up to the special power and privilege that has been allotted to them. Our medi a does not live up to their mandate. A recent example is the health care debate. We had numerous articles and broadcasts that worked to enrage us or to pull on our heart strings. It was nearly impossible to find an article or a news story that detailed any of the proposals in any of the bills. We were being asked our feelings about bills, without ever being told what was in them. It should not be necessary, in a real democracy, for the populace to sit in on every legislative act, sit in every court room in this country, or personally audit every government official. This is the duty of the mass media. They are given the power to investigate and report, in order to provide us with the information we need. They do not go far enough.